2^nd International Conference on Pharmacology and Toxicology December 09-10, 2019 Dubai, UAE

Immune pharmacology and toxicology deals with response of immune system towards the drug consumed for the disease state and as well as the reaction of toxic materials with immune complex. . This mainly talks about the immunity of individuals towards the drug and toxic substance. Here immune toxicity is induced by xenobiotic and drugs and immune competent cells reaction towards biologics and for different dosage of drugs (posology). Novel technology is there for immunopharmacological drug development. By combining the pharmaceutical knowledge and disease state immune therapy is done.

Pharmacokinetics is about what a body does to a drug. Here the mechanism of action of drug inside the body is studied. the adsorption of drug in the body mainly at the targeted region , distribution to the targeted area(bioavailability),metabolism i.e. drug biotransformation and enzyme inhibition & induction and excretion of drug mainly about rate and routes through which they are excreted. Pharmacodynamics is about what the drug does to the body. The relationship between posology and chemical or therapeutic effect, also with the parasites and microorganisms.

Pharmacotherapeutics is dealing with prevention of disease condition and cure of it. The combination of pharmaceutical information and knowledge about disease plays major role in pharmacotherapy. Toxicity refers to poison or harmful materials whereas in drug toxicity the amount of drug (concentration) got accumulated in body and which leads to adverse effects. The therapies are carried out using application recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and focussing on gene expression of affected or diseased ones through gene knock-out or by altering and supressing the genes function (Gene therapy). Advancement has been done by nanotechnology for targeting the affected organs. There are also various factors i.e. physiochemical factors that are affecting .the drug toxicity occurs due to drug-drug interaction or pathway of pharmaceutical drug is altered.

Drugs are mainly formed by knowing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery.  But now we know diseases are controlled at molecular and physiological level. Also shape of a molecule at atomic level is well understood. Information of Human Genome is mainly studied during the drug development. Drug discovering methods include molecular manipulation and designing and also by knowing the drug metabolism. Here target selection, identification and validation is mainly done for drug discovery. The methods include target selection-lead discovery-medical chemistry-Invito studies –Invivo studies-clinical trials. Drug response will change its effect on individual caused by different levels of exposure former means dosage or amount of dose administered to a person, whereas the latter means the time-dependent concentration or concentration-derived parameters such as Area Under the Concentration curve and maximum level of concentration  of the drug after its administration.

• Chronopharmacology and its effects
• Study on physiology and biochemical response
• Systemic biology & molecular pathology
• Genomics and social aspects
• Advancement using nanotechnology

The psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the effects of medications on mood, sensation, thinking and behaviour .the term is very wide due to various types of psychoactive properties mainly focusing on the chemical interaction with the brain. This deals with chemical signalling, psychopharmacological substance as the major part. Pharmacoepidemiology is about the drug efficacy, toxicity and patterns of use in large populations. Pharmacoepidemiology collects several disciplines like biostatistics, epidemiology, medicine and pharmacology.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic variation in different metabolic pathways of drugs it results in affecting ones response to drug in both terms i.e. therapeutic and adverse effects .this also deals with drug response and mechanism of action based on gene, gene function, gene expression and product. Pharmacogenomics is about optimising drug therapy based on genotype of patients .this varies from pharmacological drug treatment i.e. “one-dose-fits-all” .better treatment can be provided when pharmacogenomics is studied by genotyping or exome or by genome sequencing.

The main difference paediatric and geriatrics is age-related difference and changes in physiochemical factors based on age group and body conditions. Therefore the anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes occurring throughout varies age groups are studies  because these affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics effect which further influence the bioavailability if drugs and bio disposition of then in the body . The major differences using drugs is about routes of administration of drugs and the permeability of drug through various membrane and drug biotransformation capability and the way that are excreted is known. The changes in chromosomal and gene levels are mainly studied for better therapy.

Novel drug delivery system gives opportunities for scientists to overcome the challenges associated with therapies such as antihypertensive drug therapy .the major drawbacks in drugs are there short half-life, undesirable side-effects and low bioavailability and permeability. The drawbacks can be overcome by altering the kinetics of drugs which leads to sustainable release of drugs inside the organism these can be further advanced by using nanoparticles, liposomes, micro emulsions and encapsulate .The NDDS provides effective treatment.

The gene expression has become foundation of toxicogenomics & molecular toxicology. The expression levels of a gene are important in understanding the outcome of toxicity as the inducible expression. The complexity and fluidity of gene and genome structure and their regulation is an integral part in the theory and practice of molecular toxicology and toxicogenomics. The mechanisms responsible for genetic and molecular toxicology are cellular damage, aberrant repair and also gene-environmental interactions i.e. the relationship between genetics, epigenetics and environmental exposure. Cell biology, cell regulation and signalling mechanism are studied in detail for drug development.

The neuropharmacology is about effect of drugs towards the neurons and the mechanism and behavioural change. Here the exogenous and endogenous chemical agents on neurobiology should been known these includes two branches behavioural and molecular pharmacology. The cardiovascular pharmacology focus on heart disease and acute & chronic heart failure and for cardiac arrhythmia. The regenerative medicine therapies for cardiovascular treatment and novel biomarker strategies for cardiovascular disease are known to implement targeted drug therapy using the gene sequence alteration i.e. by using gene therapy concepts.

The pharmacotoxicology mainly deals with prevention and control of pharmaceutically induced adverse health effects .The pharmacotoxicology is separated into two categories that is: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics .The pharmaceutical products show toxicity during conditions like drug-drug interactions, bio activation of drugs and due to immune system response to the pharmaceutical product. Sometimes the drugs are toxic due to interaction with alternative targets. This mainly deals with toxic exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and agents in health care field.

Drug interaction can be defined as pharmacological activity of one drug is altered by the use of another drug or due to presence of some other substance .There are main physiochemical factors that affect the drug interactions. The mechanism of interaction is further classified as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. The interaction occurs during adsorption, metabolism, distribution and also during excretion of drugs. The consequence of interaction maybe acute and also chronic ones .the influence of drug during smoking, consumption of alcohol and also food particles influence .The major drug-drug interaction leads to toxic effects.

Pharmacovigilance is otherwise known as Drug Safety and it deals with the effects of drugs which have been licensed for use, mainly for to identify and evaluate the adverse reaction. The pharmacovigilance aims to improve the public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines. The process is detecting and reporting an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) data collection and capture-data storage and maintenance –data selection, retrieval& manipulation. Then regulation action on the basis of ADR report is done .The role of WHO in International Drug Monitoring & Pharmacovigilance programme of India (PvPI) are known.

The recent advancement in pharmacology is mainly done in cancer and spinal cord therapy where microencapsulation researches have been carried out to specifically target the cancer cells without affecting any healthy cells around and spinal cord injuries rate has been increases all over the world so application of nanotechnology in spinal cord therapy has been done. Development of Novel techniques for developing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). Replacement of chemotherapies using biotherapeuties to cut off the adverse effects of chemical agent. Neuro- surgical and modulation therapies for efficient treatment of neurons using electrical signals.